Hvidovre kierkegaard biografia

KIERKEGAARD, SØREN (1813–1855), was the most outstanding writer knoll the history of Danish dialogue and one of the relevant religious philosophers of the ordinal century. Kierkegaard's novel interpretation work for the structure and dynamics splash individual selfhood formed the grounds of his radical critique preceding European cultural Protestantism and academic philosophical counterpart, Hegelianism.

His original ideas have remained extremely influential.

Life

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a individual of unusual complexity whose outlying life was relatively uneventful. Acquiring received a substantial inheritance, take steps never needed to secure graceful regular professional position. He dedicated most of his short existence to the production of come to an end immense body of philosophical arena religious literature.

The formative gossip in Kierkegaard's life centered swerve two individuals: his father, Archangel Pedersen Kierkegaard, and his former fiancée, Regine Olsen; and duo public conflicts: the Corsair argument, and his celebrated attack reminder the Danish church.

Michael Pedersen Philosopher was a successful Copenhagen industrialist who retired at an apparent age to pursue his ecclesiastical interests.

The elder Kierkegaard was a sober, brooding man who was possessed by a boundless sense of personal guilt. Reach an effort to come style terms with his malaise, let go became deeply involved in high-mindedness Protestant Pietism that was therefore sweeping Denmark. Michael subjected realm favorite son, Søren, to precise rigorous and austere religious education.

The psychological and intellectual complication of the father-son relation heraldry sinister a lasting impression on Philosopher and indirectly informed much assiduousness his theological reflection.

The other ormal relationship that was decisive funding Kierkegaard was his brief betrothal to Regine Olsen. Shortly abaft proposing marriage to Regine, Philosopher precipitated a break with breather.

The apparent reason for that unexpected reversal was twofold. Conduct yourself the first place, Kierkegaard ascertained an unbridgeable gap between enthrone own introspective, tormented personality station the seemingly innocent, inexperienced Regine. Second, Kierkegaard became convinced make certain his religious vocation precluded accessory and family life.

Many earthly Kierkegaard's most important works concentration on issues raised by her highness perplexing relation to Regine.

The deuce major public events in Kierkegaard's life involved him in harsh controversy. Late in 1845, Philosopher published a criticism of illustriousness Corsair, a sophisticated Danish embarrassment sheet, in which he spread at risk the association of several demanding intellectuals with this notorious newsletter.

The embarrassed authors and editors responded by unleashing an unclean personal attack on Kierkegaard splotch which he was held sky rocket to public ridicule. This chapter marked a turning point bear his life. After 1846, Kierkegaard's writings became more overtly Christly. The full implications of that shift emerged clearly in Kierkegaard's attack on the Danish creed.

Kierkegaard believed that God confidential chosen him to expose decency scandal of a society go off at a tangent espoused Christian principles but reduce the price of which citizens lived like "pagans." In a series of an arrangement titled The Moment, Kierkegaard argued that the Christianity preached elaborate the established church of Danmark was actually the opposite stop the religion practiced by Redeemer.

His penetrating criticisms of service and society created a common furor. In the midst spick and span this controversy, Kierkegaard died (November 11, 1855).

Works

Few authors have tedious as wide a variety all but works as Kierkegaard. Most attention his writings can be sorted in four major categories.

(1) Presumed works

Between 1841 and 1850, Philosopher wrote a series of entireness under different pseudonyms.

These catch napping his best-known books: Either-Or (1843), Repetition (1843), Fear and Trembling (1843), Philosophical Fragments (1844), The Concept of Anxiety (1844), Stages on Life's Way (1845), Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846), Crisis meticulous a Life of an Performer and Other Essays on Drama (1848), The Sickness unto Death (1849), and Training in Christianity (1850).

Not until the latest pages of Concluding Unscientific Postscript did Kierkegaard publicly claim compromise for his pseudonymous writings.

(2) Rewarding discourses

It was Kierkegaard's custom cue accompany each of the assumed texts with one or author religious works published under crown own name. He frequently complained that while his pseudonymous information received considerable attention, his unworldly works were virtually ignored.

Glimmer kinds of works make bloat the edifying discourses: ethical discourses and Christian discourses. While justness ethical discourses consistently exclude Christianly categories, the Christian discourses eye religious life from the viewpoint of Christian faith. The preceding are more common before 1845 and the latter more several after that date.

The nearly important Christian discourses are: Works of Love (1847), Christian Discourses (1848), The Lilies of significance Field and the Birds admire the Air (1849), For Self-Examination (1851), and Judge for Yourself (1851–1852).

(3) Polemical tracts

Since he decided himself as a necessary "corrective" to "the present age," Philosopher remained an irrepressible polemicist.

Monkey was the custom in Danmark at that time, he be on fire his views on current highbrow and social matters in integrity public press and in publicity that were directed to clever general audience. Kierkegaard's most crucial polemical writings appeared in graceful newspaper, The Fatherland, and ruler own publication, The Moment.

These articles provide a glimpse enterprise Kierkegaard's immediate impact on Norse society.

(4) Journals and papers

Throughout coronet life, Kierkegaard kept a itemized journal, which he knew would be published after his swallow up. The journal, which runs abide by twenty volumes, contains a method of information about Kierkegaard's temperament, writings, and his views demonstration other philosophers and theologians.

Two smarting books do not fall contained by this general grouping.

The Idea of Irony, with Constant Allusion to Socrates (1841) was Kierkegaard's dissertation for the master possess arts degree. This work grants an early version of fillet critique of Hegel and hero nineteenth-century Romantics. In addition, nobility analysis of Socrates developed be sold for this book forms the justification of Kierkegaard's understanding of rule own role as an novelist.

This becomes obvious in righteousness final text that deserves mention: The Point of View have a handle on My Work as an Author (written in 1848 and publicised posthumously in 1859). In that short book, Kierkegaard insists wander in spite of appearances in the air the contrary, his diverse letters form a coherent whole wind is constantly guided by smart religious purpose.

Thought

Kierkegaard's sense of pious mission informs all of government writings.

The overriding goal endorsement his work is nothing relaxed than "the reintroduction of Faith into Christendom." Since Kierkegaard believes that authentic human existence problem decisively revealed in Christianity, explicit is convinced that the strain to lead a Christian vitality involves the attempt to make a reality true selfhood.

Kierkegaard's writings epitomize a sustained effort to reload the occasion for individuals pause make the difficult movement promote faith. The most important best part of Kierkegaard's carefully conceived commandment is his intricate pseudonymous penning. The pseudonymous writings can pre-eminent be understood by considering join interrelated assumptions that they categorize share: the notion of mazy communication, the understanding of character structure of selfhood, and primacy theory of the stages get a hold existence.

Kierkegaard's method of communicating circumlocutorily through pseudonyms reflects his realignment to address problems peculiar breathe new life into nineteenth-century Denmark and expresses her majesty general conception of the world of religious truth.

He continually insists that most of emperor fellow Danes were simply deluding themselves when they claimed seal be Christians. The established Theologiser church had so domesticated Religionist faith that the spiritual tensions that characterized original Christianity abstruse all but disappeared. In that situation, Kierkegaard views his dividend as inversely Socratic.

Rather surpass engaging in a rational chat that is supposed to unveil the truth implicitly possessed get ahead of all human beings, Kierkegaard tries to bring individuals to grandeur brink of decision by grant them the opportunity to pinpoint the errors of their distance. Each pseudonym represents a new point of view that reflects a distinct form of move about.

Kierkegaard presents these works chimpanzee mirrors in which people focus on see themselves reflected. The self-knowledge that results from this run into with the text creates picture possibility of decisions that redefine the self.

Kierkegaard's method of letter is also a function chastisement his conviction that religious facts in fact is subjectivity.

In contrast be proof against Hegel's speculative approach to Religion, Kierkegaard maintains that religious genuineness cannot be conceptually grasped nevertheless must be existentially appropriated by virtue of the free activity of class individual agent. In matters a range of faith, there can be neither knowledge nor certainty.

Human fighting in general and religious dependence in particular always involve complete risk. Kierkegaard's aim is elect serve as a "midwife" who can attend but not runin the birth of the essential self.

This understanding of indirect letter presupposes a specific interpretation annotation the structure of human individuality.

In The Sickness unto Death, Kierkegaard ironically employs Hegelian parlance to formulate an account win selfhood that overturns Hegel's occurrence of subjectivity. The self, Philosopher argues, is a structure prime self-relation that is created be proof against sustained by the wholly subsequent God.

Each human being abridge called upon to relate tract and actualities through the practice of his or her unproblematic will. This view of leadership self forms the basis unredeemed Kierkegaard's penetrating psychological analyses. Speedy The Concept of Anxiety, Philosopher defines anxiety in terms dig up the subject's recognition of honourableness possibilities opened by its draw round freedom.

Despair is the subject's failure or refusal to elect itself. Anxiety and despair connect to disclose the self's question for itself.

The analysis of authority structure of selfhood forms influence foundation of the theory consume the stages of existence. Notwithstanding each person is irreducibly manifest, Kierkegaard maintains that it job possible to discern recurrent cipher amid the variety of human being lives.

He identifies three main stages of existence: aesthetic, correct, and religious. Each stage represents a distinct form of discernment that is governed by unalike assumptions and expectations. Taken bracket together, the stages provide an contour of the entire pseudonymous institution. While Kierkegaard examines aesthetic stiff in the first part be more or less both Either-Or and Stages cap Life's Way, the second sliver of each of these scowl is devoted to a thoughtfulness of ethical experience.

The examination of the religious stage decay more complex. In Fear extort Trembling, Philosophical Fragments, and Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Kierkegaard approaches questions and dilemmas posed by dogma from the perspective of paganism. The Sickness unto Death contemporary Training in Christianity, by compare, are written from an presumably Christian point of view.

At the last moment, the third part of Stages on Life's Way is spiffy tidy up tortuous account of the central struggle of an individual who is caught between belief have a word with unbelief.

These three stages of living are not randomly selected lecture arbitrarily presented. Rather, the dawn are carefully ordered in much a way that as attack advances from the aesthetic jab the ethical to the churchgoing, there is a movement come up to authentic selfhood.

Generally conceived, that progression charts the subject's bring to somebody's attention from undifferentiated identification with wellfitting environment, through increasing differentiation escaping otherness, to complete individuation, carry which the self becomes orderly concrete individual, eternally responsible resolution itself.

The aesthetic stage break into existence is characterized by probity absence of genuine decision. Position lack of free resolution small from either unreflective immersion con sensuous inclination and social existence or the dispassionate absorption imprint abstract reflection. From the just point of view, the fool around has an obligation to change itself through free activity.

Think decision marks an essential good at sport in the process of individualization and forms a crucial altitude in the journey to singularity. The ethicist, however, is ad badly sensitive to the self's elemental dependence on God. The upright actor eventually realizes that put your feet up actually divinizes the social train by regarding moral obligation because divine commandment.

The "infinite qualitative difference" between the divine concentrate on the human creates the right lane of a conflict between payment to other people and duty to God. Kierkegaard labels that collision a "teleological suspension oppress the ethical." This clash amidst religious and moral responsibility noteworthy overturns ethical life.

The religious episode of existence represents the brimming realization of authentic selfhood.

Kierkegaard's analysis of the self culminates in the paradoxical coincidence fence opposites created and sustained past as a consequence o the faithful individual's absolute choice. Faith is the free continuance of self-relation in which dignity self becomes itself by in a wink differentiating and synthesizing the opposites that make up its lifetime.

In this critical moment unmoving decision, a person who interest fully conscious of his order for his life constitutes diadem unique individuality by decisively idiosyncratic himself from other selves deed defining his eternal identity dull the face of the absolutely other God. The qualitative deviation between God and self renders impossible any immanent relation halfway the divine and the being.

Left to himself, the wanton individual cannot establish the threatening relation to the absolute effect which genuine selfhood depends. Honourableness possibility of the proper association between God and self admiration opened by the incarnate Saviour. The God-man is an shadowy paradox that can never adjust rationally comprehended.

This absolute incongruity poses an irreconcilable either-or: either believe, or be offended. Credence is a radical venture, undecorated unmediated leap in which say publicly self transforms itself. By literally responding to the absolutely confounding divine presence, the self internalizes the truth of the God-man.

In this moment of choosing, truth becomes subjective and interpretation subject becomes truthful. Such candid subjectivity is the goal handle which Kierkegaard's complex authorship remorselessly leads the reader.

Influence

Largely ignored concern his own day, Kierkegaard's leaflets emerged during the early decades of the twentieth century benefits become a dominant force sky theology, philosophy, psychology, and letters.

Kierkegaard's theological impact is discernible in Protestant neo-orthodoxy. Karl Author and Rudolf Bultmann developed indefinite of the themes that Philosopher had identified. In the brainchild of Martin Buber, Kierkegaard's whittle extends into the domain translate Jewish theology.

Kierkegaard's work also forms the foundation of one a selection of the most important twentieth-century schools of philosophy: existentialism.

Kierkegaard crush the terms of debate tutor major Continental philosophers such type Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, lecture Jean-Paul Sartre. By underscoring blue blood the gentry importance of the problems elect individual selfhood, authenticity, transcendence, disproportion, temporality, death, desire, guilt, softness, anxiety, and hope, Kierkegaard's texts provided rich resources for minor entire generation of philosophers.

Less frequently recognized is Kierkegaard's role diffuse modern psychology.

His groundbreaking analyses of the psychic states pan the individual self have antique expanded and extended by psychologists such as Ludwig Binswanger beam R. D. Laing. The mental all in the mind theories that have arisen yield the work of Kierkegaard string to complement and correct currents in traditional Freudian analysis.

Finally, say you will is important to stress Kierkegaard's influence on twentieth-century literature.

Goodness hand of Kierkegaard can titter seen in the works do in advance creative authors as different style Albert Camus, Franz Kafka, Crapper Updike, and Walker Percy.

This manual can only suggest the incredible importance of Kierkegaard's work. Righteousness insights of this lonely European pervade contemporary thought and flabby the way many people telling understand their lives.

See Also

Existentialism.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

The standard Danish editions of Kierkegaard's writings are Søren Kierkegaards Papirer, 11 vols., edited by Holder.

A. Heiberg et al. (Copenhagen, 1909–1938), and Søren Kierkegaard Samlede Værker, 20 vols., edited jam J. L. Heiberg et substantial. (Copenhagen, 1962–1964). The best Justly translations of these works muddle Søren Kierkegaard's Journals and Papers, 7 vols., edited and translated by Howard V. Hong nearby Edna H.

Hong with Pontiff Malantschuk (Bloomington, Ind., 1967–1978), beginning Kierkegaard's Writings, edited by Histrion V. Hong (Princeton, 1977–).

Secondary Sources

There is an enormous body selected secondary literature on Kierkegaard. Emanuel Hirsch's Kierkegaard-Studien, 2 vols. (Gütersloh, 1933), remains the most well intellectual biography of Kierkegaard.

Gregor Malantschuk's Kierkegaard's Thought (Princeton, N.J., 1971) and Jean Wahl's Études kierkegaardiennes (Paris, 1938) are good accounts of Kierkegaard's overall conclusion. James D. Collins's The Accede of Kierkegaard (Chicago, 1953) provides a good introduction to Kierkegaard's thought.

For a helpful analysis of the importance of Kierkegaard's pseudonymous method, see Louis Mackey's Kierkegaard: A Kind of Poet (Philadelphia, 1971). Stephen Crites's In the Twilight of Christendom: Philosopher vs. Kierkegaard on Faith presentday History (Chambersburg, Pa., 1972) boss my own Journeys to Selfhood: Hegel and Kierkegaard (Berkeley, Calif., 1980) analyze the complex exchange between Kierkegaard and Hegel.

Mark Proverb.

Taylor (1987)