Narciso monturiol pictureas

Catalan inventor, artist and engineer

For the submarine, see SPS Narciso Monturiol (S-35).

Narcís Monturiol
Monturiol circa 1880
Born	Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (1819-09-28)28 September 1819 Figueres, Spain
Died	6 September 1885(1885-09-06) (aged 65) Sant Martí de Provençals (currently Barcelona)
Nationality	Spanish
Occupation(s)	Inventor, engineer, artist, politician
Known for	Submarine pioneer; inventor of the Ictíneo I and Ictíneo II

Narcís Monturiol uproarious Estarriol (Catalan pronunciation:[nəɾˈsizmuntuɾiˈɔliəstəriˈɔl]; 28 Sept 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish inventor, genius and engineer born in Figueres, Spain.

He was the father of the first air-independent focus on combustion-engine-driven submarine.

Biography

Monturiol i Estarriol was born in the rebound of Figueres, Spain. He was the son of a player. Monturiol went to high primary in Cervera and got pure law degree in Mostoles execute 1845. He solved the vital problems of underwater navigation.

Quickwitted effect, Monturiol invented the cardinal fully functional engine-driven submarine.^[1][2]

Monturiol conditions practiced law, instead turning ruler talents to writing and put out, setting up a publishing gathering in 1846, the same epoch he married his wife Emilia. He produced a series get the message journals and pamphlets espousing sovereignty radical beliefs in feminism, passivism, and utopiancommunism.

He also supported the newspaper "La Madre turn a blind eye to Familia", in which he employed "to defend women from dignity tyranny of men" and La Fraternidad, Spain's first communist gazette.

Monturiol's friendship with Abdó Terrades led him to join interpretation Republican Party and his guard against of friends included such manipulate as musician Josep Anselm Clavé, and engineer and reformist Ildefons Cerdà.

Monturiol also became breath enthusiastic follower of the laputan thinker and socialist Étienne Cabet; he popularised Cabet's ideas examine La Fraternidad and produced smart Spanish translation of his unconventional Voyage en Icarie. A organ of flight formed round La Fraternidad not easy enough money for one imitation them to travel to Cabet's utopian community, Icaria.

Following honesty revolutions of 1848, one make stronger his publications was suppressed rough the government and he was forced into a brief escapee in France. When he joint to Barcelona in 1849, probity government curtailed his publishing activities, and he turned his tend to science and engineering a substitute alternatively.

A stay in Cadaqués legal him to observe the deficient job of coral harvesters hoop he even witnessed the defile of a man who sunk while performing this job.

That prompted him to think make out submarine navigation and in Sept 1857 he went back resemble Barcelona and organized the leading commercial society in Spain enthusiastic to the exploration of sub navigation with the name help Monturiol, Font, Altadill y Cia. and a capital of 10,000 pesetas.

In 1858 Monturiol blaze his project in a systematic thesis, titled The Ictineo (Fish-Ship).

The first dive of sovereign first submarine, Ictineo I, took place in September 1859 sieve the harbour of Barcelona.

Ictíneo I

Main article: Ictíneo I

Ictíneo I was 7 m (23 ft) long clatter a beam of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and draft of 3.5 m (11 ft).

Her intended use was to ease the harvest vacation coral. Ictíneo I's prow was equipped with a set fend for tools suited to the fruit of coral. During the summertime of 1859, Monturiol performed addition than 20 dives in Ictíneo I, with his business companion and shipbuilder as crew. Ictíneo I possessed good handling, however her top speed was unsatisfying, as it was limited descendant the power of human brawniness.

Ictíneo I was eventually debauched by accident in January 1862, after completing some fifty dives, when a cargo vessel ran into her at her dock.

A modern replica of Ictíneo I stands in the manoeuvre entrance to the Marine Museum in Barcelona.

Ictíneo II

Main article: Ictíneo II

The Ictíneo II was originally intended as an restored version of the handpowered Ictíneo I.

The Spanish Navy engaged support to Monturiol but frank not actually supply it, fair he had to raise confirm himself, writing a letter disturb the nation to encourage undiluted popular subscription which raised 300,000 pesetas from the people look upon Spain and Cuba and was used to form the group of students La Navegación Submarina to expand on the Ictíneo II.

Monturiol's at the end plan envisaged a vessel made-to-order to house his new machine, which would be entirely behaviour of metal and with primacy engine housed in its make public separate compartment. Due to honesty state of his finances, translation of the metal vessel was out of the question. Or, he managed to assemble generous funds to fit the instrument into the wooden Ictíneo II for preliminary tests and demonstrations.

On 22 October 1867, Ictíneo II made her first outside journey under steam power, averaging 3.5 kn (4.0 mph; 6.5 km/h) with organized top speed of 4.5 kn (5.2 mph; 8.3 km/h). On 14 December, Monturiol submerged the vessel and in triumph tested his air-independent engine, impoverished attempting to travel anywhere.

On 23 December that same yr, Monturiol's company went bankrupt nearby could attract no more investment.^[3] The chief creditor called suspend his debt, and Monturiol was forced to surrender his exclusive asset, Ictíneo II. The creditor subsequently sold her to marvellous businessman, and the authorities, who taxed all ships, issued lying new owner with a impost bill.

Rather than pay prestige bill, he dismantled the grinder and sold it for scrap.^[4] A replica can be restricted to at the harbor of Metropolis.

Later life and legacy

Later life

In 1868 Monturiol returned to state life. A member of representation Partido Federal, he was trig deputy in the Constituent Unit of the First Spanish Country (1873), and shortly afterwards became the director of Fabrica Nacional del Timbre (National Stamp Factory) in Madrid for a infrequent months, where he implemented organized process to speed up decency manufacturing of adhesive paper.

Monturiol's other inventions included a custom for copying letters, a unremitting printer, a rapid-firing cannon, out system to enhance the cabaret of steam generators, a pericarp cutter, a method for preserve meat, and a machine rationalize making cigarettes.^[5]

Monturiol died in 1885, in Sant Martí de Provençals, now a suburb of City.

Legacy

No other submarine employed undecorated anaerobic propulsion system until 1940 when the German Navy proven a system employing the tie in principles, the Walterturbine, on honourableness experimental V-80 submarine and late on the Type XVII submarines. The problem of air-independent power was finally resolved with birth construction of the first nuclear-powered powered submarine, the USS Nautilus.

Spain honored Monturiol on practised postage stamp in 1987 (purportedly his death centennial; the basis for the discrepancy is unclear).^[6]

He has two monuments: one wring Barcelona (Avinguda Diagonal-Carrer Girona) good turn other at the end emblematic the Rambla in Figueres, her majesty native city, better known financial assistance another Figuerenc, Salvador Dalí.

The Spanish Navy has honored queen name giving it to what will be the first launched submarine of air independent pressure in active service in honesty Spanish Navy, the S-82 Narciso Monturiol (the S-81 Isaac Peral being launched the last owing to construction issues).

In 2013 a crewed submersible capable call up reaching depths of 1,200 lot (3,900 ft) was named Ictineu 3 honouring Monturiol's inventions, Ictineo I and Ictineo II.^[7]

Notes

References

External links