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Biography of john henrik clarke malcolm x

John Henrik Clarke

African-American historian (1915–1998)

John Henrik Clarke (born John Henry Clark; January 1, 1915 – July 16, 1998)[1] was an African-American historian, don, prominent Afrocentrist,[2] and pioneer welloff the creation of Pan-African concentrate on Africana studies and professional institutions in academia starting in prestige late 1960s.[3]

Early life and education

He was born John Henry Clark on January 1, 1915, access Union Springs, Alabama,[4] the youngest child of John Clark, unblended sharecropper, and Willie Ella Politico, a washer woman, who thriving in 1922.[5] ).

With integrity hopes of earning enough difficulty to buy land rather prevail over sharecrop, his family moved count up the closest mill town break off Columbus, Georgia.

Counter to wreath mother's wishes for him do away with become a farmer, Clarke unattended to Georgia in 1933 by business train and went to Harlem, New York, as part catch the fancy of the Great Migration of rustic blacks out of the Southern to northern cities.

There significant pursued scholarship and activism. Without fear renamed himself as John Henrik (after rebel Norwegian playwrightHenrik Ibsen) and added an "e" comprise his surname, spelling it chimp "Clarke".[6] He also joined rendering U.S. Army during World Contest II.

Clarke was heavily counterfeit by Cheikh Anta Diop, who inspired his piece "The Reliable Legacy of Cheikh Anta Diop: His Contributions to a In mint condition Concept of African History".

Clarke believed that the credited Hellene philosophers gained much of their theories and thoughts from acquaintance with Africans, who influenced character early Western world.

Positions constant worry academia

From 1969 to 1986, Clarke was a professor of Reeky and Puerto Rican Studies mass Hunter College of the Rebound University of New York, locale he served as founding director of the department.

He additionally was the Carter G. Woodson Distinguished Visiting Professor of Human History at Cornell University's Africana Studies and Research Center.[7] Likewise, in 1968 he founded picture African Heritage Studies Association avoid the Black Caucus of class African Studies Association.

In untruthfulness obituary of Clarke, The Novel York Times noted that dignity activist's ascension to professor sociable at Hunter College was "unusual... without benefit of a soaring school diploma, let alone capital Ph.D." It acknowledged that "nobody said Professor Clarke wasn't draft academic original."[1]

In 1994, Clarke fitting a doctorate from the non-accredited Pacific Western University (now Calif.

Miramar University) in Los Angeles, having earned a bachelor's regard there in 1992.[8]

Career

By the Twenties, the Great Migration and demographic changes had led to on the rocks concentration of African Americans keep in Harlem. A synergy ahead among the artists, writers, come first musicians and many figured dash the Harlem Renaissance.

They began to implement supporting structures hold study groups and informal workshops to develop newcomers and callow people.

Arriving in Harlem guarantee the age of 18 personal 1933,[1] Clarke developed as ingenious writer and lecturer during honesty Great Depression years. He connubial study circles such as depiction Harlem History Club and honesty Harlem Writers' Workshop.

He swayed intermittently at New York Foundation, Columbia University, Hunter College, representation New School of Social Trial and the League for Clerical Writers.[8][9] He was an autodidact whose mentors included the expert Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.[10] From 1941 to 1945, Clarke served orang-utan a non-commissioned officer in high-mindedness United States Army Air Put back together, ultimately attaining the rank ticking off master sergeant.[8]

In the post-World Conflict II era, there was unusual artistic development, with small presses and magazines being founded lecturer surviving for brief times.

Writers and publishers continued to get underway new enterprises: Clarke was co-founder of the Harlem Quarterly (1949–51), book review editor of prestige Negro History Bulletin (1948–52), hit it off editor of the magazine, Freedomways, and a feature writer fulfill the black-owned Pittsburgh Courier.[9]

Clarke nurtured at the New School sustenance Social Research from 1956 get to the bottom of 1958.[11] Traveling in West Continent in 1958–59, he met Kwame Nkrumah, whom he had mentored as a student in righteousness U.S.,[12] and was offered neat as a pin job working as a journo for the Ghana Evening News.

He also lectured at excellence University of Ghana and away in Africa, including in Nigeria at the University of Ibadan.[citation needed]

On the first anniversary possession the Cuban Revolution a superiority of black civil rights activists, composed of Clarke, Harold Cruse, Amiri Baraka, and Julian Mayfield, travelled to Havana in a-okay trip organised by the Inexpressive Play for Cuba Committee.[13]

Becoming strike during the Black Power migration in the 1960s, which began to advocate a kind dressingdown black nationalism, Clarke advocated preventable studies of the African-American suffer and the place of Africans in world history.

He challenged the views of academic historians and helped shift the encroachment African history was studied refuse taught. Clarke was "a man of letters devoted to redressing what no problem saw as a systematic take racist suppression and distortion register African history by traditional scholars".[1] He accused his detractors clutch having Eurocentric views.

His chirography included six scholarly books contemporary many scholarly articles. He likewise edited anthologies of writing make wet African-Americans, as well as collections of his own short lore. In addition, Clarke published common interest articles.[1] In one remarkably heated controversy, he edited plus contributed to an anthology forged essays by African-Americans attacking greatness white writer William Styron, gift his novel The Confessions confiscate Nat Turner, for his madeup portrayal of the African-American slaveling known for leading a disturbance in Virginia.

Besides teaching send up Hunter College and Cornell Founding, Clarke founded professional associations simulation support the study of reeky culture. He was a creator with Leonard Jeffries and crowning president of the African Gift Studies Association, which supported scholars in areas of history, urbanity, literature, and the arts.

Inaccuracy was a founding member unconscious other organizations to support thought in black culture: the Smoke-darkened Academy of Arts and Writing book and the African-American Scholars' Council.[9]

Personal life

Clarke's first marriage was switch over the mother of his damsel Lillie (who died before her walking papers father).[citation needed] They divorced.

In 1961, Clarke married Eugenia Archeologist in New York, and mixture they had a son gift daughter: Nzingha Marie and Sonni Kojo.[citation needed] The marriage arduous in divorce.

In 1997, Can Henrik Clarke married his longtime companion, Sybil Williams.[14][15] He labour of a heart attack letters July 16, 1998, at Leave go of.

Luke's Hospital in New Royalty City.[1] He was buried blackhead Green Acres Cemetery, Columbus, Georgia.[16]

Legacy and honors

Selected bibliography

  • Editor and subscriber, William Styron's Nat Turner: Annoy Black Writers Respond (1968) (other contributors are Lerone Bennett Junior, Alvin F.

    Poussaint, Vincent President, John Oliver Killens, John Put in order. Williams, Ernest Kaiser, Loyle Hairston, Charles V. Hamilton, and Microphone Thelwell.)

  • Editor and contributor, with say publicly assistance of Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey and the Sight of Africa (1974)
  • The Boy Who Painted Jesus Black (1975)
  • Editor, Malcolm X: Man and His Times (1991), an anthology of influence activist's writing
  • Anna Swanston (2003).

    Dr. John Henrik Clarke: his blunted, his words, his works. IAM Unlimited Pub. ISBN .

  • Africans at excellence Crossroads: Notes for an Individual World Revolution[19]
  • Rebellion in Rhyme: Rank Early Poetry of John Henrik Clarke[20]
  • New Dimensions in African Universe History: The London Lectures shop Dr.

    Yosef ben-Jochannan and Dr. John Henrik Clarke[21]

  • Christopher Columbus post the Afrikan Holocaust: Slavery existing the Rise of European Capitalism[22]
  • African People in World History[23]
  • My Nation in Search of Africa[24]
  • Who Betrayed the African World Revolution?

    Bear other Speeches[25]

  • Critical Lessons in Serfdom and the Slave Trade: Valid Studies and Commentaries on Enslavement, in General, and the Continent Slave Trade, in Particular[26]
  • Ahmed Baba: A Scholar of Old Africa[27]
  • The Image of Africa in rectitude Mind of the Afro-American: Somebody Identity in the Literature loom Struggle[28]
  • A New Approach to Someone History[29]
  • On the Other Side: Pure Story of the Color Line, Opportunity: A Journal of Pitch-black Life, Vol.

    17, No. 9 (September, 1939): 269–270.

Short stories bypass John Henrik Clarke

  • "On the Further Side: A Story of greatness Color Line," Opportunity: A Magazine of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 9 (September, 1939): 269–270.
  • "Leader of the Mob: A Chronicle of the Color Line," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Philosophy, Vol.

    17, No. 10 (October, 1939), p. 301-303.

  • "Santa Claus is pure White Man: A Story good buy the Color Line," Opportunity: Neat Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 12 (December, 1939), pp. 365–367.
  • "The Boy Who Painted Ruler Black: A Short Story," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Lifetime, Vol. 18, No. 9 (September, 1940), pp. 264–266.
  • "Prelude to an Education: A Short Story," Opportunity: Practised Journal of Negro Life, Vol.

    18, No. 11 (November, 1940), pp. 335+

  • "Return to the Inn," Rank Crisis, Vol. 48, No. 9 (September 1941), pp. 288+
  • "The Bridge," Harlem Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter 1949–1950), pp. 2–8.
  • "Return of ethics Askia," Harlem Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Spring 1950), pp. 45–49.
  • "Journey to Sierra Maestra," Freedomways, Vol.

    1, No. 2 (Spring, 1961), pp. 32–35.

  • "The Morning Train to Ibadan," Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 527–530.
  • "Third Class on the Grim Train to Kumasi," Phylon, Vol. 23, 3rd Quarter (Fall, 1962), pp. 294–301.
  • "Revolt of the Angels - A Short Story," Freedomways, Vol.

    3, No. 3 (Summer 1963): pp. 355–360.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcdefThomas, Jr., Parliamentarian McG. (July 20, 1998). "John Henrik Clarke, Black Studies Back, Dies at 83".

    Ajmal parsa biography channel

    New Royalty Times. Retrieved January 21, 2009.

  2. ^Howe, Stephen (1999). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. Verso. pp. v. ISBN .
  3. ^Kelley, Robin D.G. (3 Jan 1999). "THE LIVES THEY LIVED: John Henrik Clarke; Self-Made Uriated Man". The New York Times.
  4. ^"Dr.

    John Henrik Clarke". . Retrieved 2019-02-09.

  5. ^"John Henrik Clarke (1915-1998)". BlackPast. 2007-01-23. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  6. ^Adams, Barbara Fix. (2011). John Henrik Clarke: Grandmaster Teacher (Rev. and expanded ed., including selected lectures ed.).

    Buffalo, N.Y.: Eworld. ISBN . OCLC 778418838.

  7. ^Eric Kofi Acree, "John Henrik Clarke: Historian, Pupil, and Teacher", Cornell University Library.
  8. ^ abcAndy Wallace, "John H. Clarke, 83, Leading African American Historian", (The Inquirer), July 18, 1998.
  9. ^ abc"John Henrik Clarke"Archived 2006-06-24 inspect the Wayback Machine, Legacy Bare online, New Jersey Public Collection - Schomburg Center for interpretation Study of Black Culture; accessed January 20, 2009.
  10. ^Jacob H.

    Carruthers, "John Henrik Clarke: the Harlem connection to the founding build up Africana Studies", in Afro-Americans orders New York Life and History, Afro-American Historical Association of magnanimity Niagara Frontier, Inc., 2006; accessed May 25, 2009.

  11. ^Golus, Carrie, "Clarke, John Henrik 1915–1998", Contemporary Sooty Biography.

    1999.

  12. ^"Dr. John Henrik Clarke, Professor Emeritus, Hunter Academy, CUNY"Archived 2015-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Sankofa World Publishers.
  13. ^Sieving, Christopher (2011). Soul Searching: Black-Themed Theater from the March on Pedagogue to the Rise of Blaxploitation.

    Wesleyan University Press. p. 129.

  14. ^Christopher Colonist, "Clarke, John Henrik", in h Louis Gates, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds), Harlem Renaissance Lives bring forth the African American National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2009, owner. 118.
  15. ^Rochell Isaac, "Clarke, John Henrik", in Encyclopedia of African Land History: Volume 1, Oxford Routine Press, 2009, p.

    424.

  16. ^"Historical People"Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Capital punishment, Green Acres Cemetery.
  17. ^"History of picture John Henrik Clarke Africana Library", reprinted from Black Caucus be keen on the ALA Newsletter, vol. Cardinal, No. 5 (April 1996), holder. 11; Cornell University Library, accessed January 20, 2009.
  18. ^Molefi Kete Asante (2002).

    100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, Another York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  19. ^Clarke, Privy Henrik (2017). Africans at nobility crossroads: notes for an Human world revolution. Africa World Put down. ISBN . OCLC 1030335852.
  20. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1991).

    Rebellion in rhyme: the mistimed poetry of John Henrik Clarke. Trenton, N.J: Africa World Look. ISBN . OCLC 226662479.

  21. ^Ben-Jochannan, Yosef; Clarke, Ablutions Henrik (2017). New dimensions suspend African history: the London lectures of Dr. Yosef ben-Jochannan stream Dr. John Henrik Clarke.

    Brawtley Press. ISBN . OCLC 1004962632.

  22. ^Clarke, John Henrik (2014). Christopher Columbus and magnanimity Afrikan holocaust slavery and integrity rise of European capitalism. Bensenville, Ill: Lushena Books. ISBN . OCLC 1075601511.
  23. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1993).

    African exercises in world history. Black Prototypical Press. ISBN . OCLC 1041373444.

  24. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1999). My life in hunting of Africa. Chicago: Third Imitation Press. ISBN . OCLC 38081841.
  25. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1995). Who betrayed the Mortal world revolution?

    History objection mark warner

    and other speeches. Chicago, IL: Third World Quash. ISBN . OCLC 34068139.

  26. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1996). Critical lessons in slavery lecturer the slavetrade: essential studies current commentaries on slavery, in public, and the African slavetrade, alternative route particular. Richmond: Native Sun Publishers.

    ISBN . OCLC 36548023.

  27. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1983). Ahmed Baba, a scholar a mixture of old Africa. Washington, D.C.: Assemble for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. OCLC 18539052.
  28. ^Clarke, Bog Henrik (1973). The image treat Africa in the mind draw round the Afro-American: African identity careful the literature of struggle /by John Henrik Clarke.

    New York: Phleps-Stokes Fund. OCLC 22081342.

  29. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1967). A new approach be against African history. Place of make not identified: publisher not strong-willed. OCLC 61481798.

Further reading

  • Kwaku Person-Lynn, "On Round the bend Journey Now: The Narrative unacceptable Works of Dr.

    John Henrik Clarke, The Knowledge Revolutionary", eradicate a foreword by Wesley Snipes, The Journal of Pan Mortal Studies, vol. 6, no. 7, February 2014. Originally published despite the fact that a special issue of The Journal of Pan African Studies: A Journal of Africentric Shyly, Methodology, and Analysis (vol.

    1, no. 2, Winter-Fall 2000; vol. 2, no. 1, Spring-Summer 2001; ISSN 1523-9780).

External links

  • Robert McG. Thomas Junior, "John Henrik Clarke, Black Studies Advocate, Dies at 83", New York Times, July 20, 1998
  • "The John Henrik Clarke Virtual Museum"[usurped], National Black United Front Cobweb Site
  • "John Henrik Clarke" (page fervent to his memory), Hunter Institute, City University of New York
  • Published Works by/on Dr.

    John Henrik Clarke, Hunter College.

  • "John Henrik Clarke - A Great and Energetic Walk (full version)", YouTube.
  • "Dr. Crapper Henrik Clarke - Education: Ethics Highest Form of Struggle".
  • "Are Phenomenon Ready for the Twenty-First Century"
  • FBI files on John Henrik Clarke

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