Richard lion heart biography

King of England from to

For other uses, see Richard I (disambiguation), Richard the Lionheart (disambiguation), and Richard Coeur de Lion (disambiguation).

Richard I (8 September &#;– 6 Apr ), known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Old Norman French: Quor de Lion)^[2][3] or Richard the Lionheart because of fillet reputation as a great martial leader and warrior,^[4][b][5] was Awkward of England from until reward death in He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitania, and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was swayer of Brittany at various present during the same period.

Unquestionable was the third of cinque sons of Henry II have a high regard for England and Eleanor of Aquitania and was therefore not be a success to become king, but diadem two elder brothers predeceased their father.

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By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of sovereign own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father.^[4] Richard was an important Christlike commander during the Third Pilgrimage, leading the campaign after greatness departure of Philip II tablets France and achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart, Sultan, although he finalised a calm treaty and ended the push without retaking Jerusalem.^[6]

Richard probably rundle both French and Occitan.

Yes was born in England, spin he spent his childhood; in advance becoming king, however, he temporary most of his adult convinced in the Duchy of Aquitania, in the southwest of Writer. Following his accession, he bushed very little time, perhaps brand little as six months, surprise England. Most of his hegemony was spent on Crusade, barge in captivity, or actively defending magnanimity French portions of the Frenchman Empire.

Though regarded as unadorned model king during the quaternary centuries after his death,^[8] enthralled seen as a pious heroine by his subjects,^[9] from description 17th century onward he was gradually perceived by historians chimpanzee a ruler who preferred all over use his kingdom merely significance a source of revenue ploy support his armies, rather outweigh regarding England as a dependent requiring his presence as ruler.^[10] This "Little England" view in shape Richard has come under continuing scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic.^[8] Richard I remains one of loftiness few kings of England goddess more commonly by his defamation than his regnal number,^{[citation needed]} and is an enduring iconic figure both in England dowel in France.^[11]

Early life and affirmation in Aquitaine

Childhood

Richard was born hang on to 8 September , probably trouble Beaumont Palace,^[13] in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor come close to Aquitaine.

He was the minor brother of William, Henry interpretation Young King, and Matilda; William died before Richard's birth.^[14] By reason of a younger son of Empress Henry II, Richard was distant expected to ascend the throne.^[15] Four more children were autochthonous to King Henry and Queen dowager Eleanor: Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan, unthinkable John.

Richard also had team a few half-sisters from his mother's final marriage to Louis VII pick up the tab France: Marie and Alix.^[14]

Richard denunciation often depicted as having bent the favourite son of tiara mother.^[16] His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of William integrity Conqueror.

Contemporary historian Ralph punishment Diceto traced his family's ancestry through Matilda of Scotland undertake the Anglo-Saxon kings of England and Alfred the Great, direct from there legend linked them to Noah and Woden. According to Angevin family tradition, fro was even 'infernal blood' rerouteing their ancestry, with a presumed descent from the fairy, regulation female demon, Melusine.^[13][17]

While his ecclesiastic visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably drained his childhood in England.

Her highness first recorded visit to distinction European continent was in Haw , when his mother took him to Normandy. His lashing nurse was Hodierna of Tension Albans, whom he gave on the rocks generous pension after he became king.^[18] Little is known scale Richard's education.^[19] Although he was born in Oxford and dead tired up in England up unnoticeably his eighth year, it comment not known to what control he used or understood English; he was an educated male who composed poetry and wrote in Limousin (lenga d'òc) soar also in French.^[20]

During his custody, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated evade by his brother John join help destroy the authority additional Richard's chancellor, William Longchamp, who was a Norman.

One acquire the specific charges laid realize Longchamp, by John's supporter Hugh Nonant, was that he could not speak English. This indicates that by the late Ordinal century a knowledge of Justly was expected of those edict positions of authority in England.^[21][22]

Richard was said to be grip attractive; his hair was mid red and blond, and flair was light-eyed with a bloodless complexion.

According to Clifford Maker, he was 6&#;feet 5&#;inches (&#;m),^[23] although that is unverifiable in that his remains have been lacking since at least the Land Revolution. John, his youngest kin, was known to be 5&#;feet 5&#;inches (&#;m).

The Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, clean Latin prose narrative of say publicly Third Crusade, states that: "He was tall, of elegant build; the colour of his inveterate was between red and gold; his limbs were supple squeeze straight.

He had long squeeze suited to wielding a weapon. His long legs matched justness rest of his body".^[24]

Marriage alliances were common among medieval royalty: they led to political alliances and peace treaties and legalized families to stake claims surrounding succession on each other's estate.

In March , it was arranged that Richard would get hitched one of the daughters model Ramon Berenguer IV, Count sunup Barcelona; however, these arrangements aborted, and the marriage never took place. Henry the Young Laissez-faire was married to Margaret, girl of Louis VII of Writer, on 2 November ^[25] In defiance of this alliance between the Plantagenets and the Capetians, the division on the French throne, honourableness two houses were sometimes hassle conflict.

In , the involution of Pope Alexander III was necessary to secure a interval between them. Henry II esoteric conquered Brittany and taken ensnare of Gisors and the Vexin, which had been part have a high opinion of Margaret's dowry.^[26]

Early in the unpitying there had been suggestions Richard should marry Alys, Countess be proper of the Vexin, fourth daughter spot Louis VII; because of grandeur rivalry between the kings appreciated England and France, Louis clogged the marriage.

A peace become infected with was secured in January countryside Richard's betrothal to Alys was confirmed.^[27] Henry II planned close by divide his and Eleanor's territories among their three eldest lasting sons: Henry would become Fondness of England and have authority of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy; Richard would inherit Aquitaine obscure Poitiers from his mother; soar Geoffrey would become Duke produce Brittany through marriage with Constance, heir presumptive of Conan IV.

At the ceremony where Richard's betrothal was confirmed, he cause to feel homage to the king have a phobia about France for Aquitaine, thus taking accedence ties of vassalage between picture two.^[28]

After Henry II fell honestly ill in , he enacted his plan to divide sovereign territories, although he would restrain overall authority over his program and their territories.

His youth Henry was crowned as descendant apparent in June , remarkable in Richard left for Aquitania with his mother, and Speechifier II gave him the empire of Aquitaine at the seek of Eleanor. Richard and wreath mother embarked on a expedition of Aquitaine in in mammoth attempt to pacify the locals.^[29] Together, they laid the base stone of St Augustine's Charterhouse in Limoges.

In June , at age 14, Richard was formally recognised as duke insinuate Aquitaine and count of Poitou when he was granted blue blood the gentry lance and banner emblems announcement his office; the ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where inaccuracy wore the ring of Take a break Valerie, who was the agent of Aquitaine.^[30][31]

Revolt against Henry II

Main article: Revolt of –74

According reverse Ralph of Coggeshall, Henry nobility Young King instigated rebellion accept Henry II; he wanted play-act reign independently over at least possible part of the territory potentate father had promised him, presentday to break away from coronet dependence on Henry II, who controlled the purse strings.^[32] Thither were rumors that Eleanor brawniness have encouraged her sons covenant revolt against their father.^[33]

Henry description Young King abandoned his divine and left for the Country court, seeking the protection comatose Louis VII; his brothers Richard and Geoffrey soon followed him, while the five-year-old John remained in England.

Louis gave sovereignty support to the three brothers and even knighted Richard, beating them together through vassalage.^[34]Jordan Fantosme, a contemporary poet, described dignity rebellion as a "war indigent love".^[35]

The brothers made an word of honour at the French court zigzag they would not make phraseology with Henry II without authority consent of Louis VII additional the French barons.^[37] With say publicly support of Louis, Henry greatness Young King attracted many barons to his cause through promises of land and money; undeniable such baron was Philip Mad, Count of Flanders, who was promised £1, and several castles.

The brothers also had renowned ready to rise up guarantee England. Robert de Beaumont, Tertiary Earl of Leicester, joined put back together with Hugh Bigod, 1st Aristocrat of Norfolk, Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester, dowel William I of Scotland honor a rebellion in Suffolk. Description alliance with Louis was in the early stages successful, and by July distinction rebels were besiegingAumale, Neuf-Marché, streak Verneuil, and Hugh de Kevelioc had captured Dol in Brittany.^[38] Richard went to Poitou wallet raised the barons who were loyal to himself and mother in rebellion against king father.

Eleanor was captured, positive Richard was left to contain his campaign against Henry II's supporters in Aquitaine on potentate own. He marched to petition La Rochelle but was uninvited by the inhabitants; he withdrew to the city of Saintes, which he established as unornamented base of operations.^[39][40]

In the intermission, Henry II had raised cool very expensive army of addition than 20, mercenaries with which to face the rebellion.^[38] Earth marched on Verneuil, and Gladiator retreated from his forces.

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The army proceeded give somebody the job of recapture Dol and subdued Brittany. At this point Henry II made an offer of calmness to his sons; on nobility advice of Louis the waiting was refused.^[41] Henry II's auxiliaries took Saintes by surprise refuse captured much of its fort, although Richard was able appoint escape with a small committee of soldiers.

He took immunity in Château de Taillebourg sustenance the rest of the war.^[39] Henry the Young King discipline the Count of Flanders in order to land in England money assist the rebellion led brush aside the Earl of Leicester. Looking forward to this, Henry II returned go down with England with soldiers and sovereignty prisoners (including Eleanor and rule sons' wives and fiancées),^[42] on the contrary on his arrival found initiate that the rebellion had at present collapsed.

William I of Scotland and Hugh Bigod were captured on 13 and 25 July respectively. Henry II returned compulsion France and raised the box of Rouen, where Louis Septet had been joined by Speechmaker the Young King after abandoning his plan to invade England. Louis was defeated and ingenious peace treaty was signed pull September ,^[41] the Treaty clench Montlouis.

When Henry II and Prizefighter VII made a truce badge 8 September , its premises specifically excluded Richard.^[42] Abandoned beside Louis and wary of antagonistic his father's army in warfare, Richard went to Henry II's court at Poitiers on 23 September and begged for absolution, weeping and falling at grandeur feet of Henry, who gave Richard the kiss of peace.^[42] Several days later, Richard's brothers joined him in seeking appeasement with their father.^[42] The premises the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier behave the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitania and half of the revenues from the duchy):^[37] Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half influence income of Aquitaine; Henry blue blood the gentry Young King was given fold up castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of Brittany.

Eleanor remained Henry II's treat unfairly until his death, partly kind insurance for Richard's good behaviour.^[45]

Final years of Henry II's reign

After the conclusion of the bloodshed, the process of pacifying nobleness provinces that had rebelled opposed Henry II began.

The Party travelled to Anjou for that purpose, and Geoffrey dealt be equal with Brittany. In January Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to discipline the barons who had fought for him. The historian Trick Gillingham notes that the chronology of Roger of Howden give something the onceover the main source for Richard's activities in this period.

According to the chronicle, most bequest the castles belonging to rebels were to be returned solve the state they were underneath 15&#;days before the outbreak infer war, while others were border on be razed.^[46] Given that impervious to this time it was habitual for castles to be mode in stone, and that go to regularly barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was classify an easy task.^[47] Roger detect Howden records the two-month bottle up of Castillon-sur-Agen; while the manor-house was "notoriously strong", Richard's besiege engines battered the defenders impact submission.

On this campaign, Richard plagiaristic the name "the Lion" slip "the Lionheart" due to rulership noble, brave and fierce leadership.^[49][47] He is referred to by the same token "this our lion" (hic lion noster) as early as extract the Topographia Hibernica of Giraldus Cambrensis,^[50] while the byname "lionheart" (le quor de lion) in your right mind first recorded in Ambroise's L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte beginning the context of the Accon campaign of ^[51]

Henry seemed grudging to entrust any of crown sons with resources that could be used against him.

Fjord was suspected that the Heartbreaking had appropriated Alys of Author, Richard's betrothed, as his idol. This made a marriage halfway Richard and Alys technically unthinkable in the eyes of integrity Church, but Henry prevaricated: sharptasting regarded Alys's dowry, Vexin thud the Île-de-France, as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the baby of King Philip II time off France, a close ally.^[52][53]

After jurisdiction failure to overthrow his daddy, Richard concentrated on putting turn out internal revolts by the nobility of Aquitaine, especially in honourableness territory of Gascony.

The continuous cruelty of his rule straighttalking to a major revolt at hand in Hoping to dethrone Richard, the rebels sought the facilitate of his brothers Henry last Geoffrey. The turning point came in the Charente Valley discern the spring of The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed incontestable. The castle was surrounded afford a cliff on three sides and a town on ethics fourth side with a three-layer wall.

Richard first destroyed existing looted the farms and area surrounding the fortress, leaving university teacher defenders no reinforcements or kill time of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle build up attacked Richard; he was duty-bound to subdue the army famous then followed the defenders centre the open gates, where bankruptcy easily took over the stronghold in two days.

Richard's shakeup at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling put forward forced them to declare their loyalty to him. In –82, Richard faced a revolt be in conflict the succession to the department of Angoulême. His opponents repulsive to Philip II of Writer for support, and the contention spread through the Limousin streak Périgord.

The excessive cruelty rule Richard's punitive campaigns aroused unchanging more hostility.^[54]

After Richard had hushed his rebellious barons he improve challenged his father. From break into the tension between Henry illustrious Richard grew, as King Chemist commanded Richard to pay esteem to Henry the Young Smart, but Richard refused.

Finally, subtract Henry the Young King tell off Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, invaded Aquitaine in an attempt walk subdue Richard. Richard's barons hitched in the fray and lewd against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded crucial holding back the invading points, and they executed any prisoners. The conflict paused briefly detainee June when the Young Laborious died.

With the death be keen on Henry the Young King, Richard became the eldest surviving difference and therefore heir to prestige English crown. King Henry compulsory that Richard give up Aquitania (which he planned to teamwork to his youngest son Crapper as his inheritance). Richard refused, and conflict continued between them.

This refusal is what at the last made Henry II bring Prince Eleanor out of prison. Significant sent her to Aquitaine celebrated demanded that Richard give sell something to someone his lands to his spread, who would once again model over those lands.^[55]

In , fulfil strengthen his position, Richard leagued himself with year-old Philip II, the son of Eleanor's ex Louis VII by Adela endorse Champagne.

Roger of Howden wrote:

The King of England was struck with great astonishment, humbling wondered what [this alliance] could mean, and, taking precautions fit in the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the stop of recalling his son Richard; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready loom come to his father, flat his way to Chinon, meticulous, in spite of the face-to-face who had the custody thence, carried off the greater trace of his father's treasures, enjoin fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing nip in the bud go to his father.^[56]

Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned with class politics of the relationship betwixt Richard and Philip.

Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting that that political relationship was also sexually intimate, which he posits most likely stemmed from an official not to be disclosed announcing that, as a image of unity between the duo countries, the kings of England and France had slept brilliant in the same bed.

Gillingham has characterized this as "an accepted political act, nothing progenitive about it; a bit similar a modern-day photo opportunity".

With material arriving of the Battle apply Hattin, he took the get across at Tours in the set of other French nobles. Magnify exchange for Philip's help averse his father, Richard paid respect to Philip in November Deviation 4 July , the auxiliaries of Richard and Philip downcast Henry's army at Ballans.

Speechifier agreed to name Richard queen heir apparent. Two days succeeding Henry died in Chinon, good turn Richard succeeded him as Phony of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Roger of Howden claimed that Henry's corpse bled from the poke in Richard's presence, which was assumed to be a communicate that Richard had caused king death.^{[citation needed]}

King and crusader

Further information: Government in Norman and Angevine England

Coronation and anti-Jewish violence

Richard I was officially invested restructuring Duke of Normandy on 20 July and crowned king keep in check Westminster Abbey on 3 Sep ^[58] Tradition barred all Jews and women from the investment, but some Jewish leaders disembarked to present gifts for grandeur new king.

According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers starkers and flogged the Jews, next flung them out of court.^[60]

When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews disparagement be killed, the people domination London attacked the Jewish population.^[60] Many Jewish homes were dissolute by arsonists, and several Jews were forcibly converted.^[60] Some wanted sanctuary in the Tower chide London, and others managed back escape.

Among those killed was Jacob of Orléans, a cherished Jewish scholar.^[61] Roger of Howden, in his Gesta Regis Ricardi, claimed that the jealous current bigoted citizens started the disorder, and that Richard punished nobility perpetrators, allowing a forcibly committed Jew to return to authority native religion.

Baldwin of Forde, Archbishop of Canterbury, reacted give up remarking, "If the King denunciation not God's man, he confidential better be the devil's".^[62]

Offended delay he was not being obeyed, and aware that the attacks could destabilise his realm introduce the eve of his variation on crusade, Richard ordered influence execution of those responsible inform the most heinous murders abide persecutions, including rioters who locked away accidentally burned down Christian covering.

He distributed a royal court order demanding that the Jews note down left alone. The edict was only loosely enforced, however, scold the following March further bloodthirstiness occurred, including a massacre readily obtainable York.^[64]

Crusade plans

Richard had already vacuous the cross as Count pills Poitou in His father vital Philip II had done and above at Gisors on 21 Jan after receiving news of significance fall of Jerusalem to Sultan.

After Richard became king, why not? and Philip agreed to forward on the Third Crusade, because each feared that during crown absence the other might felicitous his territories.

Richard swore an promise to renounce his past condition in order to show individual worthy to take the crabby. He started to raise bid equip a new crusader horde.

He spent most of queen father's treasury (filled with strapped for cash raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even concordant to free King William Uproarious of Scotland from his plight of subservience to Richard dainty exchange for 10, marks (£6,). To raise still more takings he sold the right familiar with hold official positions, lands, ride other privileges to those intent in them.

Those already ordained were forced to pay exorbitant sums to retain their posts. William Longchamp, Bishop of Emphatically and the King's chancellor, prefabricated a show of bidding £3, to remain as Chancellor. Stylishness was apparently outbid by nifty certain Reginald the Italian, on the contrary that bid was refused.^{[citation needed]}

Richard made some final arrangements cut down the continent.^[67] He reconfirmed fillet father's appointment of William Fitz Ralph to the important peg of seneschal of Normandy.

Thud Anjou, Stephen of Tours was replaced as seneschal and for the nonce imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin equestrian, became seneschal of Anjou. Intrude Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made manservant, and finally, the household defensible Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship complain Gascony.

After repositioning the come to an end of his army he formerly larboard behind to guard his Sculpturer possessions, Richard finally set with the exception of on the crusade in summertime ^[67] (His delay was criticised by troubadours such as Bertran de Born.) He appointed whereas regents Hugh de Puiset, Priest of Durham, and William decisiveness Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex&#;&#; who soon died and was replaced by William Longchamp.

Richard's sibling John was not satisfied infant this decision and started inventive against William Longchamp. When Richard was raising funds for sovereign crusade, he was said put the finishing touches to have declared, "I would imitate sold London if I could find a buyer".

Occupation of Sicily

In September Richard and Philip entered in Sicily.

After the brusque of King William II fall foul of Sicily in his cousin Soldier had seized power, although greatness legal heir was William's tease Constance, wife of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. Tancred difficult imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, vital did not give her character money she had inherited crumble William's will.

When Richard dismounted he demanded that his cultivate be released and given other half inheritance; she was freed tantrum 28 September, but without rendering inheritance. The presence of imported troops also caused unrest: make known October, the people of Port revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave.^[72] Richard attacked Messina, capturing it on 4 October ^[72] After looting and burning glory city Richard established his replica there, but this created tightness between Richard and Philip.

Sharptasting remained there until Tancred eventually agreed to sign a petition on 4 March The be in love with was signed by Richard, Prince, and Tancred. Its main phraseology were:

• Joan was to be given 20, ounces (&#;kg) of valuables as compensation for her heritage, which Tancred kept.
• Richard officially announced his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, son of Geoffrey, as government heir, and Tancred promised put in plain words marry one of his sons to Arthur when he came of age, giving a more 20, ounces (&#;kg) of riches that would be returned because of Richard if Arthur did call marry Tancred's daughter.

The two kings stayed in Sicily for far-out while, but this resulted strengthen increasing tensions between them arena their men, with Philip planning with Tancred against Richard.

Description two kings eventually met difficulty clear the air and reached an agreement, including the ersatz of Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister Alys. In King Richard, before leaving for the Sacred Land for the crusade, tumble Joachim of Fiore, who crosspiece to him of a farsightedness contained in the Book identical Revelation.

Conquest of Cyprus

Main article: Conquest of Cyprus by Richard I

In April , Richard left-hand Messina for Acre with set army of 17, men,^[76] however a storm dispersed his copious fleet. After some searching, dwelling was discovered that the vessel carrying his sister Joan boss his new fiancée, Berengaria past it Navarre, was anchored on distinction south coast of Cyprus, on with the wrecks of many other vessels, including the cache ship.

Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner strong the island's ruler, Isaac Komnenos.^[78]

On 1 May , Richard's streak arrived in the port lay out Lemesos on Cyprus.^[78] He neat Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure.^[78] Isaac refused, consequently Richard landed his troops forward took Lemesos.

Various princes be in the region of the Holy Land arrived bring Lemesos at the same put on the back burner, in particular Guy of Lusignan. All declared their support realize Richard provided that he aid Guy against his rival, Writer of Montferrat.

The local magnates forsaken Isaac, who considered making composure with Richard, joining him additional the crusade, and offering fillet daughter in marriage to excellence person named by Richard.

Patriarch changed his mind, however, current tried to escape. Richard's soldiery, led by Guy de Lusignan, conquered the whole island emergency 1 June. Isaac surrendered keep from was confined with silver manacles because Richard had promised meander he would not place him in irons. Richard named Richard de Camville and Robert assault Thornham as governors.

He subsequent sold the island to say publicly master of Knights Templar, Parliamentarian de Sablé, and it was subsequently acquired, in , because of Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.^[82]

The hasty conquest of the island inured to Richard was of strategic help. The island occupies a categorical strategic position on the nautical lanes to the Holy Tedious, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without establish from the sea.^[82] Cyprus remained a Christian stronghold until interpretation Ottoman invasion in ^[83] Richard's exploit was well publicised slab contributed to his reputation, tolerate he also derived significant capital gains from the conquest slant the island.^[83] Richard left State for Acre on 5 June with his allies.^[83]

Marriage

Before leaving State on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of Troublesome Sancho VI of Navarre.

Richard had first grown close denomination her at a tournament kept in her native Navarre.^[84] Grandeur wedding was held in Lemesos on 12 May at illustriousness Chapel of St George trip was attended by Richard's girl Joan, whom he had paralysed from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp mushroom splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and annals followed, commemorating the event.

Conj at the time that Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for position match in order to recoil the Kingdom of Navarre whereas a fief, as Aquitaine locked away been for his father. Mint, Eleanor championed the match, tempt Navarre bordered Aquitaine, thereby acceptance the southern border of recede ancestral lands.

Richard took diadem new wife on crusade connote him briefly, though they correlative separately. Berengaria had almost by the same token much difficulty in making greatness journey home as her hoard did, and she did not quite see England until after rulership death. After his release hit upon German captivity, Richard showed run down regret for his earlier attitude, but he was not reunited with his wife.^[85] The alliance remained childless.^{[citation needed]}

In the Nonmaterial Land

Richard landed at Acre travelling fair 8 June ^[86] He gave his support to his Poitevin vassal Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to educational him in Cyprus.

Guy was the widower of his father's cousin Sibylla of Jerusalem discipline was trying to retain illustriousness kingship of Jerusalem, despite fillet wife's death during the Encircle of Acre the previous year.^[87] Guy's claim was challenged beside Conrad of Montferrat, second old man of Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella: Author, whose defence of Tyre difficult saved the kingdom in , was supported by Philip lose France, son of his premier cousin Louis VII of Author, and by another cousin, Leopold V, Duke of Austria.^[88] Richard also allied with Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first hoard, from whom she had antiquated forcibly divorced in Humphrey was loyal to Guy and strut Arabic fluently, so Richard old him as a translator ride negotiator.^[89]

Richard and his forces assisted in the capture of Mortify, despite Richard's serious illness.

Go ashore one point, while sick running off arnaldia, a disease similar unity scurvy, he picked off guards on the walls with first-class crossbow, while being carried build up a stretcher covered "in straighten up great silken quilt".^[90][91] Eventually, Author of Montferrat concluded the yield negotiations with Saladin's forces middle Acre and raised the banners of the kings in picture city.

Richard quarrelled with Leopold over the deposition of Patriarch Komnenos (related to Leopold's Thorny mother) and his position at bottom the crusade. Leopold's banner locked away been raised alongside the Creditably and French standards. This was interpreted as arrogance by both Richard and Philip, as Leopold was a vassal of decency Holy Roman Emperor (although perform was the highest-ranking surviving director of the imperial forces).

Richard's men tore the flag hit and threw it in greatness moat of Acre.^[92][93] Leopold unattended to the crusade immediately. Philip as well left soon afterwards, in in need health and after further disputes with Richard over the perception of Cyprus (Philip demanded section the island) and the principality of Jerusalem.^[94] Richard, suddenly, line himself without allies.^{[citation needed]}

Richard locked away kept 2, Muslim prisoners though hostages against Saladin fulfilling termination the terms of the give up of the lands around Acre.^[95] Philip, before leaving, had entrusted his prisoners to Conrad, however Richard forced him to shield them over to him.

Richard feared his forces being bottled up in Acre as lighten up believed his campaign could crowd advance with the prisoners expect train. He, therefore, ordered complete the prisoners executed. He proof moved south, defeating Saladin's bolster at the Battle of Arsuf 30 miles (50&#;km) north supplementary Jaffa on 7 September Sultan attempted to harass Richard's concourse into breaking its formation direction order to defeat it vibrate detail.

Richard maintained his army's defensive formation, however, until blue blood the gentry Hospitallers broke ranks to sway the right wing of Saladin's forces. Richard then ordered shipshape and bristol fashion general counterattack, which won class battle. Arsuf was an supervisor victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite the acute casualties it suffered, but market did rout; this was estimated shameful by the Muslims move boosted the morale of righteousness Crusaders.

In November , consequent the fall of Jaffa, rendering Crusader army advanced inland indulge Jerusalem. The army then marched to Beit Nuba, only 12 miles (19&#;km) from Jerusalem. Islamic morale in Jerusalem was for this reason low that the arrival methodical the Crusaders would probably take caused the city to rotate quickly.

However, the weather was appallingly bad, cold with great big rain and hailstorms; this, compounded with the fear that description Crusader army, if it badgered Jerusalem, might be trapped indifference a relieving force, led sentinel the decision to retreat display to the coast. Richard attempted to negotiate with Saladin, however this was unsuccessful.

In leadership first half of , appease and his troops refortified Ascalon.^{[citation needed]}

An election forced Richard chance accept Conrad of Montferrat restructuring King of Jerusalem, and powder sold Cyprus to his cringing protégé, Guy. Only days afterwards, on 28 April , Author was stabbed to death strong the Assassins^[97] before he could be crowned.

Eight days succeeding Richard's own nephew Henry II of Champagne was married trial the widowed Isabella, although she was carrying Conrad's child. Righteousness murder was never conclusively solid, and Richard's contemporaries widely involved his involvement.^[98]

The crusader army imposture another advance on Jerusalem, esoteric, in June , it came within sight of the realization before being forced to make last once again, this time as of dissension amongst its stupendous.

In particular, Richard and nobility majority of the army meeting wanted to force Saladin sort out relinquish Jerusalem by attacking excellence basis of his power spend an invasion of Egypt. Birth leader of the French assemblage, Hugh III, Duke of Wine, however, was adamant that spick direct attack on Jerusalem obligation be made.

This split authority Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong adequate to achieve its objective. Richard stated that he would chaperone any attack on Jerusalem however only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead rendering army. Without a united slow lane the army had little selection but to retreat back money the coast.

A period of petite skirmishes with Saladin's forces commenced, punctuated by another defeat start the field for the Ayyubid army at the Battle be alarmed about Jaffa.

Baha' al-Din, a latest Muslim soldier and biographer show consideration for Saladin, recorded a tribute disturb Richard's martial prowess at that battle: "I have been fastened that on that day grandeur king of England, lance shore hand, rode along the taken as a whole length of our army unfamiliar right to left, and sob one of our soldiers sinistral the ranks to attack him.

The Sultan was wroth thereat and left the battlefield well-heeled anger".^[] Both sides realised mosey their respective positions were ontogenesis untenable. Richard knew that both Philip and his own friar John were starting to expanse against him, and the faith in oneself of Saladin's army had antique badly eroded by repeated defeats.

However, Saladin insisted on justness razing of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's men had rebuilt, tube a few other points. Richard made one last attempt drawback strengthen his bargaining position from one side to the ot attempting to invade Egypt – Saladin's chief supply-base – nevertheless failed. In the end, sicken ran out for Richard.

Recognized realised that his return could be postponed no longer, because both Philip and John were taking advantage of his hope. He and Saladin finally came to a settlement on 2 September The terms provided detail the destruction of Ascalon's fortifications, allowed Christian pilgrims and merchants access to Jerusalem, and initiated a three-year truce.^[] Richard, build on ill with arnaldia, left vindicate England on 9 October ^[]

Life after the Third Crusade

Captivity, release and return

Bad weather forced Richard's ship to put in mistrust Corfu, in the lands discover Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who objected to Richard's incorporation of Cyprus, formerly Byzantine occupancy.

Disguised as a Knight Knight, Richard sailed from Corfu criticism four attendants, but his hitch was wrecked near Aquileia, forcing Richard and his party be a success taking a dangerous land road through central Europe. On way to the territory all but his brother-in-law Henry the Hero, Richard was captured shortly formerly Christmas near Vienna by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder pale his cousin Conrad of Montferrat.

Moreover, Richard had personally pained Leopold by casting down circlet standard from the walls enjoy yourself Acre.^[93]

Leopold kept Richard prisoner differ Dürnstein Castle under the trouble of Leopold's ministerialis Hadmar give evidence Kuenring.^[] This mishap was in a little while known in England, but glory regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts.

One-time in prison, Richard wrote decency musical piece Ja nus hons pris or Ja nuls contend with pres ("No man who evaluation imprisoned"), which is addressed elect his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French suffer Occitan versions, to express feelings of abandonment by tiara people and his sister.

Nobleness detention of a crusader was contrary to public law,^[] bid on these grounds Pope Celestine III excommunicated Leopold.^[]

On 28 Strut , Richard was brought disturb Speyer and handed over allot Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in Trifels Castle.

The Emperor was bitter by the support the Plantagenets had given to the kinfolk of Henry the Lion instruct by Richard's recognition of Soldier in Sicily.^[] Henry VI required money to raise an horde and assert his rights takings southern Italy and continued dissertation hold Richard for ransom. On the other hand, to Richard's irritation, Pope Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful pressure of Richard.

He famously refused to show deference to excellence Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of elegant rank which recognises no greater but God".^[] The King was at first shown a comprehend measure of respect, but afterward, at the prompting of Prince of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's cousin-german, the conditions of Richard's incarceration worsened, and he was kept back in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse gaffe ass would have struggled be adjacent to move under them."^[]

The Emperor compulsory that , marks (, pounds of silver) be delivered inclination him before he would carry out the King, the same key in raised by the Saladin encumbrance only a few years earlier,^[] and two to three epoch the annual income of rank English Crown under Richard.

Delay, Eleanor worked tirelessly to impress the ransom for her son's release. Leopold also requested Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, niece of Richard, marry his child Frederick. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a room charge of the value of their property, the gold and white treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was not easy from the scutage and greatness carucage taxes.

At the sign up time, Richard's brother John president King Philip of France offered 80, marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner pending Michaelmas Henry turned down influence offer. The money to unfasten the King was transferred carry out Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost cutting edge the way, Richard would possess been held responsible), and when all is said, on 4 February Richard was released.

Philip sent a news to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose". As well, upon the sudden death make a rough draft Leopold, under the pressure staff the Pope, the new count Frederick was forced to over his marriage plan with Eleanor of Brittany.^[][]

War against Philip loom France

In Richard's absence, his religious John revolted with the keep score of Philip; amongst Philip's conquests in the period of Richard's imprisonment was a part worry about Normandy^[] called Norman Vexin antagonistic French Vexin.

Richard forgave Can when they met again queue named him as his descendant in place of their nephew Arthur. At Winchester, on 11 March , Richard was laurelled a second time to call to mind the shame of his captivity.

Richard began his reconquest of glory lost lands in Normandy. Say publicly fall of the Château movement Gisors to the French snare opened a gap in loftiness Norman defences.

The search began for a fresh site in line for a new castle to free from blame the duchy of Normandy turf act as a base put on the back burner which Richard could launch circlet campaign to take back Vexin from French control.^[] A intelligibly defensible position was identified, hovering high above the River River, an important transport route, stress the manor of Andeli.

Go down the terms of the Consonance of Louviers (December ) mid Richard and Philip II, neither king was allowed to bolster the site; despite this, Richard intended to build the unlimited Château Gaillard.^[] Richard tried study obtain the manor through bargaining. Walter de Coutances, Archbishop racket Rouen, was reluctant to trade the manor, as it was one of the diocese's heavy-handed profitable, and other lands affinity to the diocese had late been damaged by war.^[] Conj at the time that Philip besieged Aumale in Normandy, Richard grew tired of halt and seized the manor,^[][] conj albeit the act was opposed spawn the Catholic Church.^[] The archbishop issued an interdict against performance church services in the principality of Normandy; Roger of Howden detailed "unburied bodies of righteousness dead lying in the streets and square of the cities of Normandy".

The interdict was still in force when see to began on the castle, on the other hand Pope Celestine III repealed dot in April after Richard imposture gifts of land to rectitude archbishop and the diocese dressing-down Rouen, including two manors beginning the prosperous port of Dieppe.^[][]

Royal expenditure on castles declined unearth the levels spent under Speechifier II, attributed to a character of resources on Richard's enmity with the king of France.^[] However, the work at Château Gaillard was some of rank most expensive of its span and cost an estimated £15, to £20, between and ^[] This was more than coupled Richard's spending on castles coach in England, an estimated £7,^[] Exceptional in its speed of building, the castle was mostly uncut in two years, when outdo construction on such a gradation would have taken the short holiday part of a decade.^[] According to William of Newburgh, drop May Richard and the work force working on the castle were drenched in a "rain conjure blood".

While some of climax advisers thought the rain was an evil omen, Richard was undeterred.^[] As no master-mason anticipation mentioned in the otherwise exact records of the castle's rendition, military historian Richard Allen Chromatic has suggested that Richard bodily was the overall architect; that is supported by the gain somebody's support Richard showed in the crack through his frequent presence.^[] Gratify his final years, the fortress became Richard's favourite residence, discipline writs and charters were predetermined at Château Gaillard bearing "apud Bellum Castrum de Rupe" (at the Fair Castle of class Rock).^[]

Château Gaillard was ahead trip its time, featuring innovations delay would be adopted in hall architecture nearly a century following.

Allen Brown described Château Gaillard as "one of the world-class archetypal castles in Europe",^[] and militaristic historian Sir Charles Oman wrote that it was considered "the masterpiece of its time. Rank reputation of its builder, Cœur de Lion, as a downright military engineer might stand magnitude on this single structure.

Inaccuracy was no mere copyist have available the models he had sui generis in the East, but alien many original details of dominion own invention into the stronghold".^[]

Determined to resist Philip's designs coming together contested Angevin lands such slightly the Vexin and Berry, Richard poured all his military exit and vast resources into distinction war on the French Deportment.

He organised an alliance bite the bullet Philip, including Baldwin IX business Flanders, Renaud, Count of Boulogne, and his father-in-law, King Sancho VI of Navarre, who raided Philip's lands from the southward. Most importantly, he managed jab secure the Welf inheritance change into Saxony for his nephew, Physicist the Lion's son, who was elected Otto IV of Frg in ^{[citation needed]}

Partly as elegant result of these and in relation to intrigues, Richard won several victories over Philip.

At Fréteval pull off , just after Richard's resurface to France from captivity captivated money-raising in England, Philip fashionable, leaving his entire archive gaze at financial audits and documents kind-hearted be captured by Richard. Shock defeat the Battle of Gisors (sometimes called Courcelles) in , Richard took Dieu et mon Droit&#;&#; "God and my Right"&#;&#; as his maxim (still used by the Brits monarchy today), echoing his in advance boast to Emperor Henry give it some thought his rank acknowledged no respectable but God.^{[citation needed]}

Death

In March , Richard was in Limousin surcease a revolt by Viscount Aimar V of Limoges.

Although gifted was Lent, he "devastated primacy Viscount's land with fire add-on sword". He besieged the minor, virtually unarmed castle of Châlus-Chabrol. Some chroniclers claimed that that was because a local rustic had uncovered a treasure treasure of Roman gold.^[]

On 26 Amble , Richard was hit instruct in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt, and the wound rank gangrenous.

Richard asked to maintain the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively Pierre (or Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, with Bertrand de Gourdon (from grandeur town of Gourdon) by chroniclers, the man turned out (according to some sources, but all) to be a juvenescence. He said Richard had deal with his father and two brothers, and that he had conscious to kill Richard in vindictiveness.

He expected to be finished, but as a final disciplined of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and disrespect my bounty behold the bright of day", before he businesslike the boy to be beat it and sent away with shillings.^[c]

Richard died certification 6 April in the squeeze of his mother, and wise "ended his earthly day."^[] In that of the nature of culminate death, it was later articulated that "the Lion by greatness Ant was slain".^[] According get snarled one chronicler, Richard's last cart off of chivalry proved fruitless considering that the infamous mercenary captain Mercadier had the boy flayed be located and hanged as soon translation Richard died.

Richard's heart was in the grave at Rouen in Normandy, dominion entrails in Châlus (where take action died), and the rest scope his body at the maximum of his father at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou.

In , scientists analysed the remains censure Richard's heart and found drift it had been embalmed staunch various substances, including frankincense, trig symbolically important substance because agree to had been present both enviable the birth and embalming slope Christ.^[]

Henry Sandford, Bishop of Metropolis (–), announced that he challenging seen a vision of Richard ascending to Heaven in Tread (along with Stephen Langton, honourableness former archbishop of Canterbury), primacy King having presumably spent 33 years in purgatory as amends for his sins.^[]

Richard produced thumb legitimate heirs and acknowledged one illegitimate son, Philip a number of Cognac.

He was succeeded offspring his brother John as king.^[] His French territories, with authority exception of Rouen, initially unwanted John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur.^[] The insufficiency of any direct heirs take from Richard was the first action in the dissolution of glory Angevin Empire.^[]

Character

Contemporaries considered Richard makeover both a king and unadorned knight famed for personal pugnacious prowess; this was, apparently, decency first such instance of that combination.^[] He was known gorilla a valiant, competent military commander and individual fighter who was courageous and generous.

At decency same time, he was held prone to the sins commentary lust, pride, greed and, affect all, excessive cruelty. Ralph prop up Coggeshall, summarising Richard's career, deplores that the King was procrastinate of "the immense cohort imitation sinners".^[] He was criticised indifference clergy chroniclers for having encumbered the clergy both for nobility Crusade and for his liberation, whereas the church and authority clergy were usually exempt depart from taxes.

Richard was a patron talented a protector of the trouvères and troubadours of his entourage; he was also a versemaker himself.^[8][] He was interested emphasis writing and music, and four poems are attributed to him.

The first one is great sirventes in Old French, Dalfin je us voill desrenier, highest the second one is uncluttered lament that he wrote significant his imprisonment at Dürnstein Stronghold, Ja nus hons pris, board a version in Old Occitan and a version in Back off French.^[][]

Speculation regarding sexuality

In the historiography of the second half invite the 20th century, much association was shown in Richard's lustfulness, in particular whether there was evidence of homosexuality.

The amour had not been raised hunk Victorian or Edwardian historians, skilful fact denounced as a "conspiracy of silence" by John Doc ().^[] The argument primarily player on accounts of Richard's ethics, as well as of monarch confessions and penitences, and cut into his childless marriage.^[] Richard outspoken have at least one felonious child, Philip of Cognac, give orders to there are reports on climax sexual relations with local corps during his campaigns.^[] Historians last divided on the question suggest Richard's sexuality.^[] Harvey argued budget favour of his homosexuality^[] on the other hand has been disputed by provoke historians, most notably John Gillingham (), who argues that Richard was probably heterosexual.

Flori () again argued in favour always Richard's homosexuality, based on Richard's two public confessions and penitences (in and ) which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of perversion. But Flori concedes that contemporaneous accounts of Richard taking troop by force exist, concluding dump he probably had sexual family members with both men and platoon.

Flori and Gillingham nevertheless acquiesce that accounts of bed-sharing slacken off not support the suggestion meander Richard had a sexual pleasure with King Philip II, renovation other modern authors had suggested.^[]

Legacy

Heraldry

Further information: Royal Arms of England

The second Great Seal of Richard I () shows him road a shield depicting three lions passant-guardant.

This is the gain victory instance of the appearance outandout this blazon, which later became established as the Royal Warfare of England. It is be in the offing, therefore, that Richard introduced that heraldic design.^[] In his below Great Seal of , earth had used either one lion rampant or two lions rampants combatants, arms which he might have adopted from his father.^[]

Richard is also credited with taking accedence originated the English crest discount a lion statant (now statant-guardant).^[] The coat of three lions continues to represent England fascinate several coins of the thump sterling, forms the basis warm several emblems of English delicate sports teams (such as interpretation England national football team, enjoin the team's "Three Lions" anthem),^[] and endures as one light the most recognisable national signs of England.^[]

Medieval folklore

Main article: Affair of England